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IPM Strategy for Using Fly Parasites in Poultry Manure

4 WEEK FLY PARASITE INOCULATION PLAN
Use this plan after cleanout to reestablish a fly parasite population. Release one host pupa per bird per week every week for 4 weeks starting in the first week of manure accumulation. The fly parasites purchased in week one will lay eggs most heavily during the following week. These eggs will become adults and start laying eggs in week 4. In turn, the adults that develop from these eggs will start laying eggs in week 7. It is very important to make several weekly releases in order to establish overlapping generations of egg-laying adults. For example, for 100,000 birds, release 100,000 host pupae per week for 4 weeks.8 WEEK FLY PARASITE SATURATION PLAN
Use this plan after cleanout to establish a fly parasite population that can exert immediate pressure on the fly population. Release 1 host pupa per bird in the first week of manure accumulation, then 2 host pupae per bird weekly for 4 weeks, then 1 host pupa per bird weekly for 3 weeks. The advantage of this program is that the populations established by the larger releases will multiply more than twice as fast as the inoculation plan.
For example, for 100,000 birds, the releases would be as follows:

HOST PUPAE
Week 1: 100M
Week 2: 200M
Week 3: 200M
Week 4: 200M
Week 5: 200M
Week 6: 100M
Week 7: 100M
Week 8: 100M

MULTIPLE RELEASES ARE ESSENTIAL FOR CONTINUOUS FLY PARASITE ACTIVITY DURING ESTABLISHMENT
Fly Parasites can lay eggs for several weeks, but their peak and most effective egg-laying period lasts approximately 7 days. Their eggs are the beginning of the next generation, which takes approximately three weeks to mature and lay its own eggs. Repeat weekly releases a minimum of 4 times to assure constant fly parasite reproduction during the fly parasite startup.

USE FLY PARASITES AS PART OF A COMPLETE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM

Monitor and Keep Records Keep some kind of records of relative fly numbers. These can be recorded as number of fly specks on 3” X 5” cards, or the numbers of flies caught on sticky tapes in a given period of time. Records of past fly population will help in making decisions. One of the easiest ways to interpret the data is in graph form.

Cultural Control Control moisture in the manure by ensuring proper drainage, stopping leaks, and keeping fans in good operating condition. Leave an absorbent base of old manure after cleanout to help control moisture.

Conserve your beneficial parasites and predators during cleanout by leaving some of the old surface manure in the barn. Some farms clean out in phases so that there is always old manure in the barn to serve as a source of beneficials. Another way is to leave some old manure along the edges when cleaning out.

Biological Control Conserve natural population as mentioned above. Use either the 4-week Inoculation Plan or the 8-week Saturation Plan to reestablish the fly parasite population.

Reestablish Hister Beetle Population using trapping methods or by purchasing Adult Hister Beetles. Ask your supplier for information regarding Hister Beetle products.

Chemical Control Use chemical pesticides only when necessary.

Kill adult flies with fly baits, fly traps, and/or residual sprays on fly resting spots (walls, lines in ceilings). Avoid contaminating the manure with insecticides so that you don’t harm the beneficials. If a heavier adult knockdown is required, a space spray with synergised pyrethrum will kill the adult flies and do the least harm to the fly parasites.

FLY PARASITES PREVENT FLY EMERGENCE
In Long-Term Poultry Manure Accumulations

Fly parasites are natural inhabitants of poultry manure. However, their numbers are reduced to near zero following manure cleanouts or the use of strong pesticides. Without help, fly parasite numbers rebuild slowly. The major fly outbreaks that occur after cleanouts demonstrate the massive effect that natural enemies normally exert on fly populations.

No Side Effects

Long-term Fly Control

Natural

Reduces Chemical Use

THE ILLUSTRATION: The fly parasite to the left is a mature adult female that is preparing to sting and kill the pupa. It may also lay an egg inside the pupa that will mature into a new fly parasite. The fly parasite on the right is a new adult that has just chewed its way out of the host pupa.

The remainder of the illustration shows the stages of the fly life cycle. The fly adult, fly eggs and maggots are light grey in the background. The fly pupae are black and each has a fly parasite on it.

QUALITY ASSURED: IPM Laboratories Fly Parasites come in units of 10,000 host pupae. Host pupae are inspected prior to shipment to assure that they carry fly parasites. Empty pupae may have died from fly parasite attack but are not counted as host pupae.

Fly Parasites Prevent Fly Emergence

Fly parasites prevent adult flies from hatching. These tiny beneficial insects kill fly pupae and then use the killed pupae as “nurseries” to grow new parasites. Fly parasites are tiny insects in the wasp family that live only to search out, kill, and lay eggs in fly pupae. They don’t affect mammals and move about unnoticed because of their small size.

Fly Parasite Species IPM Laboratories produces Muscidifurax raptor, a species well suited to the cooler climate of the area of North America that experiences snowy winters. In summer, we add M. raptorellus, which has multiple offspring per host pupa but requires warm temperatures to thrive.

Plan your next fly control program prior to clean-out

Call IPM Laboratories and set up a Fly Parasite introduction program to kill fly pupae. To reestablish a multi-aged fly parasite population, you will need a shipment of fly parasites every week for a minimum of 4 weeks. To exert fly parasite pressure during heavy fly reproduction, choose the 8-week saturation schedule. Also inquire about the Combination Plans that include both Fly Parasites and Hister Beetles.

Using Fly Parasites

Fly Parasites Prevent Fly Emergence in Dairy Farms

Fly parasites are natural inhabitants of cattle manure. However, their numbers are reduced to zero with manure cleanouts or after the use of strong pesticides. Without help, fly parasite numbers rebuild slowly. The major fly outbreaks that occur after cleanouts in poultry barns demonstrate the massive effect that natural enemies normally exert on fly populations.

Use of Fly Parasites:

No Side Effects
Long-term Fly Control
Natural, Organic
Reduces Chemical Use

Pest Management

The illustration shows the stages of the fly life cycle. The fly adult, fly eggs and maggots are light grey in the background. The fly pupae are black and each has a fly parasite on it. The fly parasite to the left is a mature adult female that is preparing to sting and kill the pupa. It may also lay an egg inside the pupa that will mature into a new fly parasite. The fly parasite on the right is a new adult that has just chewed its way out of the host pupa.

Quality Assured: IPM Laboratories Fly Parasites come in units of 10,000 host pupae called colonies. Host pupae are inspected prior to shipment to assure that they carry fly parasites. Some pupae that have been killed by fly parasite attack do not carry new fly parasites. These empty pupae are not counted as host pupae.

FLY PARASITES SPECIES MIX: IPM Laboratories varies the mixture of species with the time of year: Muscidifurax raptor for the cold winter months. During the warmer seasons, we add Muscidifurax raptorellus. M. raptorellus produces multiple offspring per host pupa. M. raptor produces a single offspring in each host pupa. Nasonia vitripennis, a commonly available fly parasite, is not recommended for dairies since it has not been recovered from dairy barns.

Program Planning

Plan your fly control program in the spring. Call us and set up an IPM Laboratories Fly Parasite introduction program to kill fly pupae. Introduce fly parasites weekly or biweekly throughout the fly season, approximately May 15 through October 1 in the Northeastern United States.

Strategy for Fly Control in Dairies

Tipping the balance to favor the natural enemies and reduce the fly population requires an integrated approach that includes weekly removal of manure and other fly breeding sites, use of fly bait and sticky traps, release of parasitic wasps, and avoidance of residual insecticides. Residual sprays will continue to kill fly parasites for several weeks after they have stopped killing flies.

Release Parasitic Wasps in Fly Breeding Areas
Release parasitic wasps in fly breeding areas. A fly breeding area is usually moist organic matter which attracts flies to lay eggs and then supports the growth and maturation of fly maggots. Favorite breeding areas for flies include calf hutches, wet spilled feed, and moist manure and bedding (particularly straw). Under optimum conditions, with no natural enemies, 2 square feet of moist organic material can generate 10,000 flies in two weeks. Release fly parasites in the drier areas directly adjacent to breeding areas to kill the fly pupae before they turn into adult flies. Application rates are listed on the chart below. Scatter the package contents next to the fly breeding sites, or in nearby corners where they
will not be crushed, buried, or disturbed for several days.

Common Fly Parasite Release Rates

Site	No. Host Pupae	Unit
Calf Hutches	500-1000	per hutch
Bedded Pack	250	per animal
Cleaned Areas 1	5000-10,000	per barn or site
Wet Edges 2	25-100	per sq. foot

1 see text under Manure Management
2 see text under Other Breeding Sites

Equivalencies (volumetric, liquid measure):

Number of host pupae	How to measure
500 1/20 colony	3 Tablespoons
1000 1/10 colony	3 ounce cup, or 6 Tablespoons
2500 ¼ colony	1 cup
5000 ½ colony	2 cups
10,000 1 colony	4 cups

Cultural / Physical Control

MANURE MANAGEMENT: In the summer, the fly life-cycle takes about two weeks: one week for the larvae to develop and one week to pupate before emerging as new adults. Weekly removal and spreading of manure disrupts the fly life-cycle, preventing new adults from emerging in and around the barn. Removing the manure also helps the parasitic wasps, which find fly pupae more easily if the depth of the manure is relatively shallow.
Cleaned Areas: Areas that are cleaned daily or weekly need a minimum number of parasites to patrol the corners and pockets of manure.
Moisture control through good drainage and aeration, will reduce the number of eggs that each fly lays, thereby requiring fewer fly parasites for the same area.

OTHER BREEDING SITES: Calf bedding and wet edges. Any accumulation of wet feed or bedding is a potential fly breeding site if it is allowed to accumulate for more than a week. Calf bedding may be the most important site to place fly parasites. It is important to place fly parasites inside calf hutches because it is unlikely that they will find the front entrance of the hutch quickly enough to kill the first generation of fly pupae.
Wet areas around water troughs and moist areas along the edges of spilled feed or manure piles are also prime sites for growing fly maggots.
Traps. Sticky paper, tapes, or ribbons and bait traps will help reduce the adults fly population without hurting the natural enemies.

Chemical Control

Insecticides. Baits do not harm the parasites. For space sprays, recent studies conducted by Cornell University on three 50-70 cow dairy farms demonstrated that weekly releases of 25,000 fly parasites, combined with good manure management reduced fly numbers by more than half during peak season between mid-July and mid-August. Non-residual space sprays with synergized pyrethrins were used by two of the farmers to keep fly numbers below their personal tolerance. Sprays should be timed a couple of days before or after a parasite release. These non-residual insecticides are not as hard on the fly parasites as residual sprays, which will do more harm to the parasites than to the flies.

IPM Tools and Supplies for Plant Pests

IPM carries several products to help you monitor and identify pests and beneficials. Release Points™ are an aid to disperse and maintain biocontrol populations.

Click Here to browse available IPM Tools »

Whitefly Parasite: Encarsia formosa
Encarsia formosa is a tiny (0.6mm) wasp that attacks only whiteflies. Adult female Encarsia kill whitefly scales in two ways: by puncturing and feeding on scales, or laying their eggs in scales (each female may produce 30-500 eggs during her lifespan). Encarsia eggs hatch into tiny larvae, which cause the whitefly pupae to turn black as the young wasps mature. At 70°F, a new adult wasp emerges about 21 days after the egg is laid. The parasites are shipped inside the blackened whitefly scales which are attached to cards in batches of 50-100 per card.

Target pests: Greenhouse whitefly, and mixed greenhouse/silverleaf whitefly populations.
Favorable environment: Daily average temperature above 64° F, supplementary light in winter, 70% RH . At temperatures above 70° F, Encarsia develop faster than whitefly.
Release Strategy: Release Encarsia at the first sign of whiteflies on yellow sticky cards. Release at 1-2 week intervals for 6-8 weeks.

Application Rates:
Preventive: 1 per 6 sq.ft. biweekly
At 1st whitefly sign: 1 per 3 sq ft/wk for 3-6 wks.
Up to one whitefly per plant: 1 per sq ft/wk for 6 wks.
Poinsettias: 0.1 or more /plant weekly, combined with the release of Eretmocerus below. If used alone on poinsettias, use 2 or more per plant weekly.
Cucumbers: 20,000/acre weekly, 3-3+ times
Tomatoes: 10-20,000/acre (1 per 2-4 plants) weekly, 3-3+ times

Whitefly Predator: Delphastus catalinae
This minute black lady beetle has a voracious appetite for whitefly eggs, scales, and adults. Each beetle is about the size of the bottom half of this “8″. The beetle matures from egg to adult in about 3 weeks at 80°F. Females will live for about 50 days, laying 3-4 eggs per day, if well supplied with whitefly prey. They require 100-150 whitefly eggs per day to maintain egg-laying. They eat about eleven whitefly scales per day, or from 150-640 whitefly eggs per day. Delphastus beetles complement Encarsia and Eretmocerus biocontrol programs. They do not eat parasitized whiteflies.
Target pests: Greenhouse and silverleaf whitefly
Favorable environment: 65-90° F
Release strategy: Concentrate releases of adults near areas of high whitefly populations so that beetles have sufficient food for reproduction and establishment. Subsequent generations will disperse through the greenhouse and provide control in other areas.
Application Rates: These release rates serve to inoculate a whitefly infestation with beetles. Use ½ to 1 per sq ft, but concentrate at least 25 beetles per release site.

Silverleaf Whitefly Parasite/Predator: Eretmocerus eremicus
Eretmocerus eremicus is the first parasite specifically adapted to silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii), formerly known as the B strain of the sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). Eretmocerus lays its eggs under small young scales of silverleaf whitefly. It differs from the greenhouse whitefly parasite, Encarsia formosa, which lays eggs directly into the whitefly scale. We recommend Eretmocerus on vegetables and foliage plants where silverleaf whitefly is the predominant species. This new biocontrol does not reproduce on poinsettia, but it may provide complete control of whitefly infestations when used properly. Hoddle, Van Driesche and others at U. Mass. recently found that a release rate of 1-3 Eretmocerus /plant/wk. gave better than 95% control of silverleaf whitefly on poinsettias. Eretmocerus is used in European greenhouses with good success.

Favorable environment: Native to desert areas of California & Arizona; tolerant of higher temperatures than Encarsia. 75°-100°F.
Release strategy on poinsettias: Before whitefly detected or with very low levels, 2-3/10 sq ft/week. With whitefly, 1 or more /plant/wk.
For other crops, try doubling Encarsia rates (Encarsia is nearly 100% female). Avoid getting release material (sawdust or bran) wet by using Release Points™ or other careful placement.

All images are copyrighted to IPM Laboratories, Inc. and may not be copied or reproduced without permission.

Description

Whiteflies are tiny white 4-winged insects that are closely related to aphids, scales, and mealybugs. Adults are easily observed fluttering about when disturbed. Eggs are tiny, spindle-shaped, and laid vertically on undersides of leaves. Eggs may be single or arranged in a crescent. First stage nymphs are “crawlers” that move a short distance and settle. Three immobile nymphal stages follow; during this period the whitefly loses its legs and antennae and is called a scale. Scales are oval, flattened, and translucent The final part of the immobile period is the pupal stage. Pupae of the two common whitefly pests are most reliably distinguished.

Economic Effects

Whiteflies infest a wide variety of plant species, including the ornamentals poinsettias, begonias, coleus, fuchsias, primulas, salvia, and verbena, and vegetables such as cucurbits, beans, tomatoes and cole crops. Whiteflies suck sap from plants and excrete a sticky exudate called honeydew, which can support the growth of a sooty mold fungus. Whitefly feeding may result in stunting, wilting, and/or yellowing of plants, defoliation, reduced yields, even plant death. They reproduce rapidly in a favorable environment in the absence of natural predators and biocontrols.

Identifying

The pupal stage of greenhouse whitefly (GHWF) and silverleaf whitefly (SWF) are found on leaf undersides. GHWF pupae are shaped like a disk or cake, and have a fringe of short hairs on the rim. SWF pupae are rounded or shaped like a dome, and are not fringed with hairs on the edges. Viewed from above, GHWF pupae usually show longer hairs protruding from the pupal body, but this may vary and is not a defining characteristic. GHWF are white; SWF, yellowish. GHWF adults are larger, and their wings are held fairly parallel to the surface; the SWF adult folds its wings at a 45° angle, tightly to its body. A hand lens of at least 10x magnification is needed for positive identification of the species.

Crop Management

In order to minimize introduction of whiteflies into the crop environment, sanitation and prevention are essential. Reduce or eliminate broadleaf weeds outside the greenhouse, which serve as whitefly hosts. Screening vents properly helps to exclude whiteflies and other pests, and also helps to keep beneficial insects indoors. Don’t wear white or yellow clothing, as whiteflies are attracted to these colors. A rest period for greenhouses when no crop is grown is used to eliminate whiteflies before starting a new crop. Don’t forget to consider “pet plants” or propagation material as possible whitefly hosts. Vacuuming plants early in the day before whiteflies are active may be effective to reduce numbers of adults. Inspect all incoming stock and treat if needed.

Pesticide compatibility:Chemical controls may help to reduce whitefly numbers before introducing beneficials, but use materials that are least toxic such as insecticidal soap, horticultural oil. Neem products, or insect growth regulators (IGR’s). Dr. Hoddle observed compatilibity of Eretmocerus with IGR’s to be highest with buprofezin and ranked compatibility as follows: buprofezin>fenoxycarb>pymetrozine>pyriproxifen. Hoddle and Van Driesche report that kinoprene use reduces effectiveness of parasitic wasps.

Pest Monitoring

Use yellow sticky cards to monitor numbers of adults. Use a minimum of 1 trap per 1000 sq. ft at the height of the crop canopy and count numbers weekly or biweekly. Look for adults near plant tops or ends of branches. Check leaf undersides for eggs, scales, and adults. Adults and eggs are more often found on younger leaves; scales on older leaves. Scales are difficult to see because they are translucent unless parasitized. If eggs and scales are found, return to observe hatch of crawlers from those plants. Crawlers are susceptible to chemical controls; eggs and scales are not.

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Predator: Neoseiulus cucumeris or Amblyseius cucumeris

This is a tan-orange predatory mite. Adult females consume up to 10 thrips per day and have a 30 day life span. They can survive on pollen and spider mites in the absence of thrips.
Optimal Environment: 70°F min.; moderate RH.

Use of Cucumeris:

Predatory mites are distributed over the crop weekly or biweekly, or released in convenient breeding units in which several hundred mites reproduce several thousand predatory mites over a six-week period. You can purchase these breeding units as slow release bags (SRB) or use IPM Laboratories’ Release Points™.

Predator: Orius insidiosus Minute Pirate Bug, Orius sp.
Minute pirate bugs (MPB) are small, predaceous bugs that kill their prey by attacking with their piercing mouthparts and sucking out the body contents. Both adults and nymphs are predaceous. Adults lay eggs beneath the surface of plant tissue, often on stems or near leaf veins. The eggs hatch into small, yellow nymphs that develop into adults in 9-25 days, depending on temperature. Adult Orius can eat 5-20 thrips per day. They can survive on pollen in the absence of prey.

Optimal Environment: 70-90°F, day length 11+ hrs

Predator: Stratiolaelaps scimitus = Hypoaspis miles
This predatory mite is a scavenger that eats thrips pupae and fungus gnat larvae in the soil. Adults lay eggs in the soil, which hatch in 1-2 days. The nymphs develop into adults in 5-6 days. The mites reproduce quickly, and few are needed to establish an effective population.

All images are copyrighted to IPM Laboratories, Inc. and may not be copied or reproduced without permission.

Description

Thrips are tiny, barely visible insects that are found on leaves, blossoms, buds, and leaf sheaths of plants. Adult and immature thrips damage plants by puncturing plant cells with their mouthparts, leaving behind white streaks or blotches flecked with specks of black fecal material. Adult females lay 25-200 eggs in plant tissue. The eggs are nearly impossible to detect. Nymphs are similar to adults, but are smaller, wingless, and often lighter in color. Nymphs feed from 7-10 days, and then pupate either on the ground or on the leaf, depending on the species. Ground pupation makes control more complex, since pupae are then protected from most biological or chemical controls (the soil-dwelling predaceous mite, Hypoaspis miles, may be used for control of thrips in growing media or greenhouse floors). Adults emerge from the pupation site after 4-14 days, depending on the temperature.

Identification and Monitoring

It is often easier to find thrips damage than to find the actual thrips. Damaged plants may have short, whitened lines where thrips have fed, often with tiny dark specks of fecal deposits. Several species of thrips are found in greenhouses, and they are difficult to distinguish. Two species of flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici and F. occidentalis (Western flower thrips), damage flowers and leaves, and pupate mostly on the ground. The onion thrips, Thrips tabaci, has several hundred host plants, including many vegetables and ornamentals, and pupates mostly on the ground. The banded greenhouse thrips, Hercinothrips femoralis, damages foliage, and pupates on the leaf.

Biological control programs should begin at the first sign of thrips. Sticky traps may help to detect thrips up to a month before they are seen on plants. Yellow sticky cards or ribbons should be hung just at the tops of plants and examined weekly. Blue sticky cards will sometimes, but not always, catch more thrips than yellow sticky cards. Thrips are the tiniest insects you will find in any numbers on sticky traps. Thrips are found with wings folded, so they appear like tiny brown flecks of peat moss. Some specimens will show hairs on edges of wings when viewed with a hand lens; often their stocky antennae stick out at the front in a V-shape.

Crop Management

Healthy, vigorous plants usually outgrow thrips damage. Thrips like dry conditions, so keep plants well-watered, and relative humidity high. Periodic flooding of greenhouse floors will drown ground-pupating thrips. Keep floors clean of debris, or cover with plastic or other mulch. Consider screening greenhouse vents. Control weeds in and around greenhouses to prevent a build-up of thrips in these areas. In the case of moderate to heavy thrips infestations, use a biorational pesticide to reduce their numbers before using biological controls. Consult with IPM Laboratories to choose a pesticide that can reduce thrips numbers without destroying your biological control program.

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Predatory mites:
Phytosieulus persimilis, Mesoseiulus longipes, Neoseiulus californicus, Galendromus occidentalis, and combinations of persimilis + californicus and longipes + californicus.
Also available are Neosiulus fallacis

Predatory Mite:	P. persimilis	M. longipes	Neoseiulus fallacis
Description:	The most commonly used beneficial mite in the world. Noted for quick knockdown of spider mites. Adults are bright orange and slightly larger than spider mites. Actively seek out and consume 20 young or 5 adult spider mites per day; reproduce faster than spider mites and quickly gain control of a spider mite outbreak.	Similar in appearance and activity to P. persimilis, *M. longipes* can tolerate drier conditions and higher temperatures and still remain effective. They can only tolerate the very low humidity of 40% when the temp. is 70°F. They require increasing humidity as the temperature rises.	Used for inoculation against spider mite outbreaks, can survive lower temperatures, absence of prey, and has some pesticide resistance. Useful in outdoor applications in northern areas. Like persimilis, it can provide quick control of a mite outbreak.
Optimal Environment:	65-80°F, min. 60% RH	70-90°F, min. 40% RH	50-80°F, 60-90% RH
Predatory Mite:	*N. californicus*	*G. occidentalis*
Description:	Although considerably slower acting than persimilis and longipes, *N. californicus* can survive longer in the absence of prey, until a new spider mite population may reinfest plants. Highly successful in the greenhouse environment.	*G. occidentalis* tolerates a wide range of relative humidities and is well-adapted to outdoor use.
Optimal Environment:	Wide range of temp.& RH	80-100°F, >50% RH

Spider Mite Predator: Feltiella acarisuga
These are tiny midges that feed on two-spotted spider mites, unique in their ability to forage on hairy leaves. This ability enables them to complement Phytoseiulus persimilis , which does not work on tomato leaves because they become trapped in the sticky leaf hairs. Feltiella increase in numbers when spider mite populations increase.

Feltiella are sold as pupae and come in tubs or units of 250. Once the tub lid is opened (in the shade) near a spider mite infestation, adult midges emerge from pupal cases in 3-4 days, mate and fly off to lay eggs on mite-infested leaves. Eggs hatch in 2 days to become Feltiella larvae: tiny, beige maggots that munch mites for a week before pupating in cocoons, repeating the cycle as adults within 6-7 days. Two to three weeks after application, all stages of Feltiella will be present, and will continue to prey on spider mites until the infestation is controlled. They do not persist in the absence of prey.

Spider Mite & Spruce Spider Mite Predator: Stethorus Punctillum
A tiny lady beetle that is a new biological control product. They prey on all stages of spider mites, and are able to fly to find them. These abilities make them an effective control in cases of mite outbreaks.

All images are copyrighted to IPM Laboratories, Inc. and may not be copied or reproduced without permission.